Introduction to Influenza: Diagnosis and Treatment

The influenza virus, also known as the "flu," is a respiratory tract infection that is extremely contagious and can result in serious illness and potentially fatal complications (including pneumonia). Individuals of varying ages are impacted. The most common way that the flu is transmitted is through inhaling virus-carrying droplets from coughs and sneezes.

It may induce mild to severe illness, hospitalization, or death in some circumstances. While flu symptoms are comparable to those of the common cold, they last longer and usually are worse.

Types of Influenza

• Influenza A viruses can infect humans, birds, pigs, horses, and other animals.
• Influenza B viruses are usually found only in humans
• Influenza C viruses cause mild illness in humans

CAUSES

• Droplets of influenza viruses are released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. Direct inhalation of the droplets is possible.
• People infected with the virus are likely infectious from the day before symptoms show to four days after they develop. Children and others with impaired immune systems may remain infectious for a slightly longer period
• Antibodies against previously encountered influenza viruses may not protect you against new influenza strains.

RISK FACTORS

• Age - Seasonal influenza has a worse prognosis in children under the age of two and people over the age of 65
• Living or working conditions - People who live or work in facilities with a high density of occupants, such as nursing homes or military barracks, are more prone to contract the flu.
• Weakened immune system - Cancer therapies, anti-rejection drugs, long-term steroid usage, surgical interventions, hematological malignancies, or HIV/AIDS all have the potential to damage the immune system
• Chronic illnesses - Chronic diseases may increase the likelihood of influenza complications. Examples include asthma and other lung diseases
• Pregnancy - Pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing influenza complications, especially in the second and third trimesters.

DIAGNOSIS

• The doctor will perform a physical check, look for flu signs and symptoms, and may order an influenza virus detection test.
• Patients may not need to be tested for flu at times when it is common. Based on symptoms the doctor may issue a diagnosis.
• In many hospitals and laboratories, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is becoming more widespread because it is more sensitive than other tests and may be able to identify the influenza strain.
• It is essential to develop a test that can detect both flu and COVID-19. Patients could be infected with both COVID-19 and influenza.

TREATMENT

• Increased fluid intake to keep the body hydrated
• Antiviral medication - oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, baloxavir
• Oseltamivir is a medicine taken by mouth. Zanamivir is inhaled through a device similar to an asthma inhaler. It shouldn't be used by anyone with certain chronic respiratory problems, such as asthma and lung disease
• NSAIDs - ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), to relieve flu-related aches and pains
• Rest

Read more such content on @ Hidoc Dr | Medical Learning App for Doctors